A geological story
The Exhibition
In January 2022, we will launch the itinerant international exhibition “Moon Impact – a geological story” at the Earth and Man National Museum, in Sofia, Bulgaria. The exhibition tells the story of the Giant impact and the Moon formation. Over almost 80 square meters of exhibition you will be able to learn about the formation of the solar system, about the Giant Impact that generated the proto lunar synestia, and about the ever-growing complexity of the mineral realm. You will admire distant proto-planetary disks, you will see animations of giant impacts and you will peek into the atomic secrets of the formation of the first atmosphere of the Earth. Apart from natural geological samples and meteorites, the exhibition features large-scale posters, translucent 3D window prints, movies and 3D printed models of the atoms in melts and volcanic gas bubbles stemming from atomistic simulations, and much more.
ALLENDE
3D model
BASALT
ABU MOHAREK
ANORTHOSITE
Tektite
Limonite
Romania - Collection of the University of Bucharest
Hematite
Collection of the University of Bucharest
Limonite
Romania - Collection of the University of Bucharest
Cassiterite
Germany - Collection of the University of Bucharest | Ochsenius
Malachite
South Africa - Collection of the University of Bucharest | Marin Seclaman
The idea behind
the exhibition
Moon Impact was born within the Impact research team of the CNRS (Lyon). Led by Razvan Caracas, this team works on the formation of the Moon. These scientists want to share their discoveries with you and now they wish to guide your steps in the fascinating world of computer simulations and mineralogical analysis. The Moon Impact exhibition tells the story of the Giant Impact and of the Moon and the Earth that came after. It is a rediscovery of the history of our immediate universe through the prism of geology and mineralogy: formation of the solar system, formation of the Moon, diversification of the mineral world, interdependence of life on Earth and the presence of minerals, human influences on the mineral environment (Anthropocene, accumulation of plastic waste).
The IMPACT team studies the condensation of the Earth and the Moon from the protolunar disk, which formed in the aftermath of the giant impact. The team uses some of the largest computers across our continent to study how the atoms behave at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature. Numerical simulations model the melts, the gases, and the supercritical fluids that dominated the protolunar disk, they tell us what was the thermodynamic state of the disk, and how the early Earth and Moon condensed from that disk.
The IMPACT project is financed by the European Research Council (ERC, via grant agreement no.681818, 2016/2021).
Razvan Caracas – Computational mineralogist CNRS (Lyon) & CEED (Oslo), in collaboration with Sarah T. Stewart (US Davis).
The IMPACT team members are:
– Natalia Solomatova, post-doc: Volatiles in the protolunar disk
– Mandy Bethkenhagen, post-doc: Multi-scale simulations of fluids
– Tim Bögels, PhD student: The Mg-Fe-Si-O system
– Anais Kobsch, PhD student: Crustal silicate systems
– Zhi Li, PhD student: Iron-based alloys
– Renata Brandelli Schaan, PhD student: Volatiles during the Giant Impact.
©ESO | L.Calçada
About the exhibition
The exhibition in four steps
Formation of the solar system
Our solar system was born about 4.5 billion years ago inside a big molecular cloud that collapsed. This cloud formed a swirling disk of dust and gas with a star, the Sun, growing star in the middle. The gas and dust from the disk came together with the help of gravity, forming bigger objects. They kept growing into small planets, which we call planetesimals. While they kept revolving around the star in their orbits, they kept accumulating material until there was not much left in the disk. That is when the planets became fully formed. The formation of our solar system is the beginning of our geological story.
The giant impact
How did the Moon form? A planetesimal or a small planet, called Theia, most probably about the size of Mars, hit the protoEarth. The impact was giant, hence its name. Both Theia and the protoEarth disintegrated and evaporated forming a huge disk of hot debris, made of gas and liquids. As the disk, called a protolunar disk, started to cool, it condensed in a huge central ball of magma, surrounded by a donut-shaped cloud of hot gas. The magma sphere formed the Earth that cooled over a long time. The Moon coalesced in outer parts of the disk, gathering a large part of that donut cloud. Most of the light gases from the outskirts of the disk were lost into space, leaving behind a dry Moon. With no water, no carbon, no atmosphere, the Moon remained frozen in the same state as it formed, but preserving information dating all the way back to its formation, the protolunar disk, and the Giant Impact.
Geology of the Moon
Why is the Moon so different from the Earth? With no water, no carbon, no atmosphere, the Moon remained frozen in the same state as it formed. With geologic time it only cooled and its interior magma ocean slowly crystallized. Meteorite falls and cooling are the only geological activities, which continue even today. As the Moon cools, it contracts, and sometimes it cracks, provoking small seisms called moonquakes. The gentle shakes from the moonquakes are enough to erode the sides of the craters, which over billions of years slowly collapse. With such austere chemistry and a cold world, there are no reactions and no fluids at the surface and consequently no form of life could develop on the Moon. The only water found so far is traces of ice in the ever-frozen deep bottoms of the craters at the two poles, where sunlight never shines. And just because of its inert geology the Moon preserves information dating all the way back to its formation, the protolunar disk, and the Giant Impact
Mineral evolution
We all know that life evolved over time. As research advances, we progressively improve our understanding of the chemical and physical processes that led to the appearance and evolution of life. Minerals underwent something similar. Minerals did not “evolve” in the pure sense of the word, but rather they diversified. As time passed, the Earth turned out to be an active chemistry laboratory. As more and more chemical reactions took place, they led to a huge diversification of the mineral species. Under the action of heat and fluids and plate tectonics, over billions of years of chemical reactions, and strongly affected by the appearance and evolution of life, thousands of minerals have formed on our planet. There were 5616 documented and approved minerals as of July 2020. And the quest for new minerals continues!
What is the anthropocene ?
The presence of humans on the surface of our planet modified and continues to modify the geological environment. We modify not only the climate, though a constant flux of pollutants, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, but we also leave behind geological traces, which will be conserved for millions of years. Today we manufactured more synthetic materials than the total mass of living organisms on our planet. On the geologic time scale, some of these materials will disappear relatively quickly under the action of the environment, like oil derivatives and asphalt. Some will lurk around for many millions of years, like plastics. And some will simply remain in the geologic record, like glass, bricks and ceramics, and concrete.
till January 16th, 2022
January 28th till September 7th
Practical Info
Every day
10 am – 6 pm
Access to the exhibition and the museum:
• Adults: 6 Lv
• Students and retired: 3 Lv
• Children up to 7 years: free.
Health and safety
Covid-19
The Moon Impact exhibition is now open with the following conditions in place :
Wear a mask
Wearing a mask is obligatory during the visit.
Social Distancing
Keep a distance of at least one meter from other visitors.
Frequent hands washing
Wash your hands regularly or use the hydroalcoholic gel provided by the museum.
Book in advance
Don't hesitate to book your ticket in advance to avoid rush days.
Before your visit
Download our visit kit
GUIDE FOR GROWN-UPS
GUIDE FOR GROWN-UPS
Discover the small guide with the main elements of the exhibition
to accompany you during your visit.
GUIDE FOR CHILDREN
GUIDE FOR CHILDREN
Guided by the famous astronomer Vera Rubin, the children (6-12 years old)
will discover the main themes of the exhibition around amusing scientific anecdotes.
They will then be able to test their knowledge in small games.
Who's next?
Itinerancy
Brasov Art Museum
The museum is located in the downtown across the road from the central park. The National Gallery, the museum’s permanent exhibition, is housed in six rooms located on the first floor. The permanent exhibition highlights the local Transyvanian art environment throughout history. The exhibition includes artwork created by artists connected to Brașov, beginning with portraits of Saxon patricians and ending with post-war paintings.
National Museum of Natural History Grigore Antipa
The Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History is a natural history museum, located in Bucharest, Romania. It was originally established as the National Museum of Natural History on 3 November 1834. It was renamed in 1933 after Grigore Antipa, who administered the museum for 51 years. He is the scientist who reorganized the museum in the new building, designed by the architect Grigore Cerchez and inaugurated by Carol I of Romania in 1908. The museum’s collection consists of over 2 million specimens. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious and well organized natural history museums in the world.
Earth and Man National Museum
The Earth and Man National Museum is a mineralogical museum in the centre of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was founded on 30 December 1985 and opened for visitors on 19 June 1987. The museum is situated in a reconstructed and adapted historic building with an area of 4,000 m² constructed in the end of the 19th century (1896–1898). It has a number of exhibition halls, stock premises, laboratories, a video room and a conference room. Apart from its permanent expositions related to mineral diversity, the museum also often hosts exhibitions connected with various other topics as well as concerts of chamber music.About the exhibition
The Pictures Gallery
Exhibition partners
About
Through the eyes of a geoscientist, discover the history of our planet from the formation of our solar system to today.
set up by the Impact project team from the Laboratory of Geology of Lyon (CNRS/ ENS de Lyon/ Lyon1 University).
